[Effect of prolonged administration of low doses of essential oils on the immune response and sensitivity of mice to the action of ionizing radiation].

The effect of ionizing radiation (1 Gy) on the immunological characteristics of spleen in the mice that consumed essential oils of oregano, clove bud and the mixture of lemon oil with ginger extract at low doses with drinking water for 6 months was studied. It was found that the essential oils increased the content of antibody forming lymphocyte cells in the spleen. The maximal effect in comparison with control was found for essential oil of clove bud.

Stimulatory effect of volatile urinary components from intact mice on the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid tissue in irradiated animals.

Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses have demonstrated long-distance stimulatory effects of the natural volatile components of the urine of intact mice on the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in mice exposed to a single total γ-irradiation in a dose of 1 Gy. These results are in line with the data on stimulation of the humoral immune response to thymus-dependent antigen in irradiated mice exposed to urine specimens of intact animals.

[Attraktive and aversive for intact individuals volatile excretion of male mice induced a thymus dependent antigen].

Immunization of male mice of the CBA and C57BL/6J strains with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) induce excretion of urinary volatile components (VC), modifying the behavioral reactions of intact males CBA strain. In early times after injection of 1 x 10(8) SRBC per mouse results in secretion of attractive VC, whereas injection of 1 x 10(9) cells per mice induces secretion of aversive VC. Regular for normal and the observed also in the early stages of attraction of intact males CBA to VC immunized syngeneic males CBA (relatively VC immunized with allogeneic C57BL/6) was lost from 3 to 14th day after the introduction of SRBC in the dose of 1 x 10(8) cells/mice and with the 9th on the 14th day after the introduction of SRBC in the dose of 1 x 10(9). The biological significance of the antigen induced chemosignaling in animals is discussed.

[Effect of radiation-induced bystander chemosignals of mice on the humoral immune response in spleen and lymph nodes of intact recipients].

The ability of post-radiation (4 Gy) bystander chemosignals (the volatile components of mouse urine) to distantly modulate the humoral immune response to the sheep red blood cells in the spleen and popliteal lymph nodes of intact recipients has been investigated. It was shown that the exposure of animals to chemosignals before antigen injection resulted in the decrease and increase of the immune response in the spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. When animals were exposed to chemosignals after the antigenic stimulus, an increased immune response was observed in both spleen and lymph nodes. The contribution of radiation-induced bystander signaling in the response of socially organized animals to the effect of ionizing irradiation is discussed.

[Effect of natural and postradiation volatile secretions of mice on the immune reactivity and blood cellularity of irradiated animals].

It has been shown that natural and postradiation volatile urinary secretions of mice can remotely restore the immune reactivity and blood indices reduced as a result of exposure of laboratory mice to ionizing radiation. Antibody formation in spleen of gamma-irradiated (1 Gy) CBA strain mice was increased after exposure of both syngeneic and allogeneic animals with urine volatile secretions. Volatile natural secretions of intact mice have a more pronounced antibody stimulating activity than volatile secretions from animals exposed to gamma-radiation. Immunoreactivity ofy-irradiated C57B16 strain mice with low olfactory reactivity increases only after their exposure with volatile secretions of intact syngeneic animals. The total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of gamma-irradiated (1 Gy) inbred mice increases after exposure with secretions obtained from them before irradiation. The role of hemo-signalling in the selective stimulation of immunity and blood content in conditions of radiation damage is discussed.

[Effect of volatile excretions induced with thymus-dependent antigen in female mice on the behavioural responses of males].

It was found that thymus-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells in the optimal immunogenic dose (1 x 10(8) cells/mouse) induced in female mice of CBA and B6 strain secretion of attractive urinary volatile components (VCs), and in the supraoptimal dose (1 x 10(9) cells/mouse)--aversive VCs for intact males CBA strain. In a direct comparison of the properties ofVCs-immunized mice of CBA and B6, a modification of the effect of constitutive chemosignalling: disturbance of ability of females VCs to attract allogeneic males, was observed. The role of thymus-dependent antigen dose and sex of animals in the mechanism of generation of antigen-induced chemosignals is discussed.

Post-stress changes in the attractiveness of female mouse chemosignals to intact males.

During the early period (1-4 days) after stress, female CBA and C57BL6 (B6) mice were found to excrete volatile components (chemosignals) in the urine, which are more attractive to intact males of these same strains, regardless of genotype, than the secretions of intact females. At later time point; there were wavelake changes in the attractiveness of the secretions of stressed females, though the difference between the intact and stressed groups of females disappeared by one month. Comparison of the secretions of stressed CBA and B6 females showed that intact males preferred the post-stress chemosignals of syngeneic (genetically identical) individuals during the period 1-14 days. This phenomenon - post-stress reversion of the female genotype-dependent olfactory attractiveness to males - was significantly different from normal, where males show a consistent preference for the chemosignals of allogeneic (with different genotypes) females. The pattern of male preference for the chemosignals of stressed syngeneic females was also seen on direct comparison with the chemosignals of intact allogeneic females. Normal female chemosignaling recovered during the 2-3 weeks after stress. The biological significance of these phenomena is discussed.

[Attractive and immunosuppressive properties of volatile secretions induced in mice separately and combine influence of ionizing radiation and cyclophosphamide].

We have studied the properties of volatile secretions induced in laboratory mice, separately or combined influence of ionizing radiation and cyclophosphamide. The reaction of preference-avoidance response in the T-maze revealed that the urine samples of mice in the early period after exposure to ionizing radiation in doses of 2 and 4 Gy contain attractive for intact animals volatile components. While the introduction of cyclophosphamide in doses of 20 or 35 mg/g provokes the secretion of volatile components of aversive, repealing properties towards of intact individuals. Combined exposure to these factors leads to a reciprocal compensation of the impact of volatile secretions in the preference-avoidance response of intact mice. The examined effects depend to some extent on the dose of radiation and cyclophosphamide. Induced both by separate and associated exposure to radiation and cyclophosphamide volatile allocation have depressing effect of the humoral immune response, regardless of whether they are attractive or aversive properties. We are discussing their role in the mechanisms of chemosignaling.

[Post-stress alteration of attractiveness of female mice chemosignals for intact males].

In early period (1-4 day) after exposure to stress, CBA and C57B1/6 female mice excrete (with urine) volatile components (chemosignals) more attractive for intact males of the same strain than excretions of intact females irrespective of the genotype. In later period, attractiveness of excretions of these mice varies in an undulatory way. The difference in attractiveness between compared groups of females disappears within the period of a month after exposure to stress. Comparison of CBA and C57BL/6 strains shows that, within the period of 1-14 days, males prefer syngenic chemosignals (from mice of the same strain). Thus, a post-stress reversion of the genotype-dependent female olfactory attractiveness for males was observed. Such kind of attractiveness substantially differs from that in intact mice, for which the male preference to allogenic chemical signals (female mice of the same genotype) is natural. Features of male preference to chemical signals of females after their exposure to stress were demonstrated in direct comparison with the attractiveness of allogenic female signals. The normal chemosignalization is becoming restored from two to three weeks after the exposure to stress. The biological significance of the described phenomenon is discussed.

[Postirradiated mice volatile secretion, irradiated in the lethal and superlethal dose].

In the early period after exposure to the radiation in the lethal dose (10 Gy) mice secreted with urine the volatile components, that attract for intact individuals. In the late period appear components with aversive property. In the terminal period after exposure to superlethal dose (70 Gy) dominate the secretions with aversive property. The exposure of intact recipients with the volatile secretions attractive or aversive in equal degree depression result in suppression their ability to the humoral immune response.

[The alteration of attractiveness of intact males mice to females chemosignals, subjected of ionizing radiation in sublethal dose].

After irradiation in a dose 4 Gy female mice of CBA and C57Bl/6 (female CBA during 18-23 days, female C57Bl/6 - 4-10 days) secretes with urine volatile components (chemosignals) which possess higher, than secretes intact females, attractiveness for intact males the same strains irrespective of a genotype. When estimation relative attractiveness postradiation secretes female mice CBA and C57Bl/6 intact males prefer chemosignals singenic (genetically identical) females during 1-23 day after irradiation. Observed olfactorial reaction male mice more differ from norm. In which males prefer chemosignals of allogenic (with a strange genotype) females. This disturbances identifed as postradiation reversion attractiving males of chemosignals, dependent on the genotype of females. Typical for norm chemosignalisation at females restored for 43 days after the irradiation. The mechanism and biological advisability of this phenomenon are discussed.

[The influence of postradiation chemical signals of mice on the humoral immune response in recipients in different time relative to antigenic stimulus].

The influence of volatile urine chemosignals of irradiated (4 Gy) mice on the primary humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells in intact recipients was investigated. It was demonstrated that the direction of immunomodulatory effect is dependent upon the time at which the postradiation chemosignals was initially applied. The antibody response to antigen was markedly suppressed in mice that were exposed before antigen injection. When chemosignals applied immediately following inoculation of antigen the antibody response was unaffected. The immune response was increased when chemosignals was loadeded for 1-10 days after immunization. The possible mechanisms of immunomodulation are considered.

[Immunomodulation effects volatile secretion of animals at postradiation immunodeficiency conditions].

Was shown, that given off with urine the volatile chemosignals of intact and irradiated (4 Gy) mice and rats restored the ability to humoral immune response and other parameters immunity lowered by ionizing radiation in the dose 1 Gy. The chemosignals off intact individuals have shown higher immunerestoring activity in comparison with the irradiated ones. As opposed to post-radiation signals they activated in the major degree at irradiational mice phagocytic activity peritoneal macrophages and also the number in the blood at rates not only erythrocytes but lymphocytes and granulocytes. It is supposed, that mammals possess the distant immunomodulating chemosignal system, direct on immunoreactivity of individuals with immunodeficiency of state.

[Chromosomal abnormalities and spleenocyte production in laboratory mouse males after exposure to stress chemosignals].

Activity of antibody producing spleenocytes and chromosome stability in bone marrow cells from laboratory mouse males of CBA strain after exposure to different chemosignals excreted by stressed or irradiated syngeneic donors was studied. It has been shown that the exposure of the recipient males to volatiles from donor males (stressed by swimming) decreases quantity of antibody-producing cells in 1, 3 and 10 days after the treatment. The same exposure increased the chromosome aberrations level in dividing bone marrow cells from CBA recipients in 1 day after the treatment. Similar changes were observed in 24 h after exposure to volatiles of irradiated donors or to synthetic mouse pheromone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Possible mechanisms of chemosignals effect on the immune system are discussed.

[Influence of ionizing radiation on the attractiveness of male mice to chemosignals of intact individuals].

Within short-terms after exposure to ionizing radiation, CBA and C57Bl/6 male mice were found not only to retain but also to enhance their attractiveness to chemosignals of intact males of the same genotype (syngenic). It was shown that the time period of higher attractiveness increased with the absorbed dose (from 1 to 6 Gy). Within several days after exposure to 6-Gy irradiation, male mice were temporarily unable to discriminate between chemosignals of syngenic and allogenic (alien genotype) individuals. Unlike male mice of the CBA strain, male mice of the C57Bl/6 strain displayed no changes after exposure to 1-Gy irradiation, but the effect of 2-6 Gy was more persistent. These phenomena can be explained by the lower olfactory reactivity combined with higher radiosensitivity of C57Bl/6 mice. Irradiated male mice temporarily lost their olfactory ability to discriminate the genotype of females' volatile secretions and to distinguish between females' and males' volatile secretions.

[Postradiation volatile secretion and development of immunosupression effectes by laboratory mice with various genotype].

The appearance of lines CBA and C57Bl/6 in the urine of mice irradiation volatile excretions with immunosupression property was associated with the violation at mice of ability to immunogenesis. It was established, that immunosupression activity of excretions irradiated mice CBA and C57Bl/6 did not depend on genotip of mice. However, by irradiated mice C57Bl/6 immunosupression components, depressing antibody formation at intact mice, appeared earlier, than at CBA. Immunosypression, limited postradiation volatile secretion in view of depression humoral immune response at intact mice kept for not a long time and mostly expressed on the course 2-3 days after exposition with postradiation secretion.

[Influence of the irradiating on olfactory ability of male mice to distinguish chemo-signals of intact individuals].

It is shown, that in early terms after irradiating of male mice of lines CBA and C57Bl/6 in a sublethal dose (4 Gy) in reaction of preference-avoiding lose olfactory ability to distinguish the genotype of flying secretions of female mice and to distinguish flying secretions of female mice from secretions of male mice. Irradiated male mice not only preserve, but also raise the attractiveness to chemosignals of syngenetic intact male mice.